HIV-1-Infected Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Enhance Neutrophil Survival and HLA-DR Expression Via Increased Production of GM-CSF: ...

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes: "We conclude that GM-CSF production within the mucosa or draining lymph nodes may promote HIV-1 infection by facilitating sustained contact between viable neutrophils and CD4 lymphocytes. The minimal effect of GM-CSF on HLA-DR expression by neutrophils of elite controllers provides indirect support for this conclusion."