Identification of PD-1 as a Unique Marker for Failing Immune Reconstitution in HIV-1–Infected Patients on Treatment

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes: "In this study, we have analyzed PD-1 expression on CD4 and CD8 T cells in patients with poor immune reconstitution despite successful highly active antiretroviral therapy. We found that T cells of such patients express significantly higher levels of PD-1 than patients who had normal recovery of CD4 cells after treatment. In contrast, failing immune reconstitution was not associated with the expression of activation markers, indicating that PD-1 is a unique marker for failing immune reconstitution despite viral suppression."